Pernicious Anaemia

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Part 1

The human stomach is vulnerable to a number of infections. One of such infections is pernicious anaemia.  The latter is part of the chronic atrophic gastritis complication that may attack a particular organ in the body. It is also vital to mention that the latter is an autoimmune disease that targets a specific part of the body (Iwamoto et al., 2012). In most instances, the organ complication features itself in form of gastric atrophy. This implies that the stomach tends to waste itself away when a patient is attacked by the disease. In addition, the patient’s stomach also receives inflammatory cells. One of the most notable symptoms of this disease is the self-generation of strange immune system through antibodies that eventually spread out to different parts of the available proteins.  The parietal cells are also pumped using protons alongside other intrinsic activities that take place.

Vitamin B12 is a vital component in the human diet. For patients suffering from this disease, this classification of vitamin is gradually absorbed by several intrinsic factors (Alderuccio et al., 2002). As a matter of fact, red blood cells can hardly be maturated in the absence of vitamin B12. After the absorption process, a patient is left without adequate blood in the body system. This explains why anaemic conditions are prevalent among individuals diagnosed with the stomach complication (Field et al., 2005).

Gastric glands in the stomach contain the parietal cells. They play the role of producing  the hydrochloric acidic component which is a vital chemical in the early phase of digestion that takes place in the stomach.  Besides, a proton pump enzyme  referred to as H+/K+- ATPase generates gastric acid. This enzyme is made up of two subunits namely 60-90 kDa, glycosylated-β and 95 kDa-α. The subunits potentially react with the proton pump. During the diagnosis process of this stomach complication, the response generated by the antibodies is a major diagnostic tool.

Part 2

Patient serum samples were used to test antibodies in this exercise. The main purpose of the experiment was to examine whether the gastric proton pump would react with anyone of them. From this test, it was possible to undertake a diagnostic test for pernicious anaemia.

Two unique methods were employed to scrutinize whether the serum samples were loaded with the anti-proton pump antibodies. In the third particle, an SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis process was used to separately secure protein  samples derived from the stomach of a mouse. Thereafter, the nitrocellulose membrane served as a temporary storage for the proteins. In the fourth practical, gastric proteins were taken through the process of Western blotting. In order to execute this procedure, sera from different categories of patients were used. In other words, even those who had not been diagnosed with pernicious anaemia were part of the experiment. It was also necessary to understand the various cell types present in the stomach of a mouse. Hence, both eosin and haematoxylin were used to stain some regions of the stomach. This experimental procedure was carried out in the third practical.  Both the human and mouse’s stomach structures were found to be similar to each other. In addition, the same amount of mouse protein reacted with the anti-proton pump antibodies.

The staining process of the mouse stomach through immuno-peroxidase staining was carried out in the fourth practical. On the same note, the sera used were obtained from patients across the board.

References

Alderuccio, F, Sentry, J, Marshall, A, Biondo, M, & Toh, B 2002, 'Animal Models of Human Disease: Experimental Autoimmune Gastritis—A Model for Autoimmune Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia', Clinical Immunology, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 48-49.

Field, J, Biondo, M, Murphy, K, Alderuccio, F, & Toh, B 2005, 'Experimental Autoimmune Gastritis: Mouse Models Of Human Organ-specific Autoimmune Disease', International Reviews Of Immunology, vol. 24, no. 1/2, pp. 93-110.

Iwamoto, S, Kido, M, Aoki, N, Nishiura, H, Maruoka, R, Ikeda, A, Okazaki, T, Chiba, T, & Watanabe, N 2012, 'IFN-γ is reciprocally involved in the concurrent development of organ-specific autoimmunity in the liver and stomach', Autoimmunity, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 186-198.

Domestic acts of Terrorism

Q #1

            Studies have shown that domestic tourism in the US has become an issue of national concern. It is quite evident that this form of tourism existed long before it was legally defined (Finklea, 2009). Notably, research has revealed that there are numerous terrorist organizations that have been a threat to national security (Finklea, 2009).  One of the organizations is called the Army of God which is a loose network of people who have personal ideological affinity. This organization uses force in order to decimate abortion (Finklea, 2009).

            In line with this, Black Liberation Army is a terrorist organization that seeks to eliminate racial separatism in the U.S (Finklea, 2009). The group has been accused of committing terror acts including murder of police officers and other incidences of violence. Besides, Ku Klux Klan is a terror group that came into existence after the end of civil war in the U.S. The group committed terror acts in fighting against communism, Semitism and whites’ supremacy. Moreover, studies have shown that The Order is also a terror group that rose in the late 19^th century.

            The main aspect that makes these organizations to be regarded as domestic terrorist gangs is due to the fact that they operate within the country (Pastor, 2009). Moreover, they comprise of individuals who aim at committing terror acts against civilians or the government. In the case of the U.S, these organizations cause threats within the country in order to spearhead their personal, social or political objectives (Pastor, 2009). That notwithstanding, another common aspect is that these groups are associated with acts that entail violation of human rights within the U.S. Additionally, their operation is limited to areas under the U.S. jurisdiction.

            Research has shown that to a larger extent, the organizations are a threat to national security. This is due to the fact that, the organizations have made to influence government policies in US through coercive force (Pastor, 2009). Moreover, they also coerce the citizens making them feel insecure. Needless to say, such groups commit deliberate acts of mass destruction or even assassination that tamper with the normal operations of the government.
Q # 2
            It is imperative to note that the government should support numerous pieces of legislations that have come up in order to fight domestic terrorism (Pastor, 2009). Nevertheless, is it recommended that the US government should not merely target to safeguard official sites such as offices, embassies and schools. It should also aim at protecting softer targets that are more vulnerable such as residential areas (Pastor, 2009).

             Notably, the new administration should remain focused and stick to the terms contained in the Patriotic Act.  This involves increasing the scope and number of activities that are conducted to create awareness and eradicate terrorism (Pastor, 2009). By doing this, the new administration will ensure consistency in the war against domestic terrorism
Q # 3:

            In brief, there are many commonalities that can be observed from the groups. As mentioned earlier in this paper, the groups are domestically located. In this case, they operate within the US and are also coercive (Pastor, 2009). Moreover, these terror  groups commit deliberate acts of violence, mass destruction, kidnapping and assassinations. Additionally, they have a common goal of ensuring that the government gives in to their political or social interests.
Q # 4
            The victims of any domestic act of terrorism suffer devastating physical injuries, financial stress and emotional trauma. The government has a very important provision which it uses in executing crime victim compensation (CVC). The compensation is normally a direct impact to the victim or to persons who have been chosen to stand on their behalf. The government maintains that this is meant to restore the positions of the innocent citizens. This is in reference to the fact that the state has a duty of protecting its citizens from any act of terrorism. The re-compensation reimbursements are packaged in a way that they cater for lost support, lost wages, expenses for counseling, burial and funeral costs as well as general medical expenses (Cole, Smith & Dejong, 2012). All the states have compensation programs which are supposed to give financial aid to all victims of both state and federal crime. There are clear constitutional guidelines which give the compensation application processes, the compensable amounts and the requirements for eligibility (Cole, Smith & Dejong, 2012). This is done to all terrorism victims.
Q # 5
            According to my personal opinion, cyber-crime and general cyber attacks are the greatest internal threats which may face any nation. These criminal activities need to be classified within the laws of armed criminology. Military strikes should indeed be approved for both domestic and foreign computer hackers. It should be noted that in a case whereby the power grids of our state are compromised by criminals, brutal missiles can be propagated to any part of our populated neighborhoods (Ball, 2005).
.For instance, the state of Arizona is posed with massive threats of security. Research has revealed that there are approximately 20, 000 malicious software circulating among the criminal fraternity. The Phoenix metropolitan area just like other urban habitations is also under a great threat of faceless terror attacks. Since computing knowledge is becoming highly internationalized, camouflaged terrorists can use this connectivity to launch attacks from their inner dwellings. Given that I have a rich experience of Arabian life, my family has a great threat of racial profiling. This is evident in most routine aspects of our daily lives in Phoenix. It is a continued threat which is experienced while shopping, walking, driving, traveling and even while at home (Ball, 2005).

                                                     References 
Ball, H. (2005). U.S. Homeland Security: A Reference Handbook Contemporary World    Issues. Broomfield:    ABC-CLIO.
Cole, G., Smith, C. & Dejong, C. (2012).The American System of Criminal Justice, New York:   Cengage Learning.
Finklea, K. (2009). Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for    Congress. Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, Inc.
Pastor, F.J. (2009). Terrorism & Public Safety Policing: Implications of the Obama            Presidency. New York: Taylor & Francis, Inc.

           

The planning phase is the most important part of Emergency planning for a disaster or catastrophe event.

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Numerous catastrophic events have continued to take away human lives. These have been witnessed in both daily human activities or as a result of uncontrollable natural occurrences. Even though these unexpected incidents have always been investigated, there are several important principles which need to be understood by different sectors of this nation. Emergency management officials need to totally understand the importance of this invaluable element of emergency planning. When it comes to planning and emergency response, priority and emphasis needs to be exercised. Naum (2012) indicates that the application of quality planning in the emergency response has been a missing aspect. Indeed, it is clear that the critical value of planning is normally excluded despite its great importance.
            Spence (2011) argues that a fair level of safety cannot be achieved without proper emergency management. The government cannot afford to be complacent when it comes to the issue of planning strategic emergency response programs. It should be noted that the best policy for a community to take is that of preparing for eventualities. Planning in advance ensures that excellent capabilities of preparedness are exercised (Naum, 2012). This is achieved through prior analysis of worst-case scenarios, dynamic and consistent planning, multidirectional sharing of information and ultimate cooperation in society.
            Basically, every individual is expected to comprehend that planning demand a lot of attention in order to provide a guided scope of dealing with all cases of emergency. Planning ensures that actions are taken accurately. It simply helps to block the hazardous phase of an emergency (Naum, 2012). Notably, it is critically important to ensure that all necessary interventional services are readily available in the event of an emergency. The major objective of emergency management is planning a platform for preparedness. This means that practical ways of responding to emergency must be foreseen in form of planning.

                                                          References
Naum, C. (2012). Predictability and Performance Of Buildings on                   Fire. Firehouse, 37(6), 87-89.
Spence, S. (2011). In California, Emergencies Are One Thing We Do Well. American     Water Works Association Journal, 103(5), 40-43.

                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                   

Reflection

        It appears as if there is massive human rights violation especially among immigrant women who are married by some abusive American natives. In the past, domestic violence was mainly dominant among the natives. Although there are legislations that have been put in place  in place to make sure that rights of immigrant women are not abused, it is definitely a cumbersome legal process to curtail this kind of human rights abuse. For instance, it is worth noting that most of the women victims find it difficult to resist any kind of domestic violence from their male spouses because they fear being deported. For most of these victims, they settled in the foreign states in order to seek greener pastures. Hence, any slight idea of going back to their native countries is highly rejected. 
       On the other hand, the civil society groups that advocate for human rights in the United States have indeed played their role in terms of championing for basic rights among victims of domestic violence. In spite of these campaigns, it may still take a lot of time and resources for individual cases of domestic violence to be addressed. This difficulty is perhaps attributed by two main challenges. Firstly, there are numerous cases of immigrant couples who are abused domestically. As a result, it makes it cumbersome for domestic violence courts to handle such cases promptly. Secondly, lack of willingness to file law suits among  some victims of domestic violence has significantly hindered the process of curtailing the vice. 
       Therefore, it will take some lengthy period of time before all cases of domestic violence are addressed. Needless to say, there are cases whereby racism still plays an important part in influencing the judgments leveled against perpetrators of domestic violence.